“Manifest”, meaning to dream or will something into existence, has been named the word of 2024 by Cambridge Dictionary, after a surge of celebrity-inspired popularity on social media.

Though far from a new coinage – as an adjective meaning “clear” or “obvious”, the word dates back in English to at least the 1300s – the dictionary’s decision rests on its newest meaning as a verb, which attests to the power of visualisation and positive thinking in making fervently held dreams come to pass.

The singer Dua Lipa has attributed her success – which included headlining Glastonbury in June – to manifesting, saying: “Manifesting is a big thing for me. I stand very firmly in the belief of putting things into the world. Subconsciously, you just work towards them. Nothing’s ever too big.”

Simone Biles, too, has been credited with manifesting her award-winning gymnastics career, after speaking of visualising future success when she was a young girl.

Wendalyn Nichols, the publishing manager of the Cambridge Dictionary, said the word manifest had “increased notably in lookups” this year, being searched for 130,000 times on the Cambridge Dictionary website.

“Its use widened greatly across all types of media due to events in 2024, and it shows how the meanings of a word can change over time,” she said.

Derived from French and Latin, the word, spelled “manyfest”, was used by Chaucer in the late 14th century in its adjectival sense meaning clear or obvious.

Shakespeare employed the word as both a noun and a verb, meaning both obvious and to make obvious. In King Lear, the Duke of Albany denounces Edmund for his “heinous, manifest, and many treasons”, while Twelfth Night’s tragi-comic figure Malvolio delights in supposed praise of his yellow stockings from Olivia, saying: “And in this she manifests herself to my love.”

The King James Bible of 1611 translates the first epistle of John to read: “In this was manifested the love of God towards us.”

The word can also be used as a noun, meaning the full list of a ship’s cargo, a usage that dates to 1561, while “manifest destiny” was a term employed by the US president Andrew Jackson in the 1830s to suggest it was ordained that American settlers should spread westward across the continent.

However, its most recent meaning, of “speaking your dreams into existence” is first recorded only in the early 20th century, associated with Spiritualism, and has become widespread only more recently.

Sander van der Linden, a professor of social psychology at Cambridge University, credited social media and the pandemic for popularising the term and practice of manifesting, but cautioned that it had no scientific validity.

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“Manifesting is what psychologists call ‘magical thinking’ or the general illusion that specific mental rituals can change the world around us.

“Manifesting gained tremendous popularity during the pandemic on TikTok with billions of views, including the popular 3-6-9 method, which calls for writing down your wishes three times in the morning, six times in the afternoon and nine times before bed.

“This procedure promotes obsessive and compulsive behaviour with no discernible benefits. But can we really blame people for trying it, when prominent celebrities have been openly ‘manifesting’ their success?

“There is good research on the value of positive thinking, self-affirmation, and goal-setting … However, it is crucial to understand the difference between the power of positive thinking and moving reality with your mind – the former is healthy, whereas the latter is pseudoscience.”